附录 III. 全面的性教育特色

中文翻译：彭晓辉(中国 武汉 华中师范大学生命科学学院，430079)完成时间：2006年3月
Translator：Xiaohui Peng (Life Science College of CCNU, Wuhan, 430079, China)
校   对：吴敏伦(中国 香港 香港大学医学院)完成时间：2006年8月

全面的性知识教育具有下述主要目标：

性教育超出了纯粹获得知识和内容的范围，它应该引导人们培养有判断的思维，也应该引导人们对性取肯定的态度。

通过性教育的培育过程，个人能够终生把自己认知、认同和接纳为一个有性别和性感的生命体，对性没有忧虑、没有恐惧和没有内疚感。

在基于人权的价值规范之内，发展人与人之间相互尊重和平等关系的性角色。

促进亲密关系形成的价值观和超越双方关系的人际关系情感联系。

倡议对自我体像的自知之明，把这种自知之明作为自尊和卫生保健的因素。

鼓励对己和对人的快乐、理解、自由和负责任的性行为。

促进夫妇和家人内的交往和沟通；促进不论性别和年龄的平等关系。

促进在家庭计划、分娩和避孕药具使用方面分担责任。

促进在性传播疾病的预防方面做出负责任的决定64。

近年来的评论认为，在有效性教育评估、预防青少年怀孕和HIV预防项目推行过程中，发现优质的性教育项目65：

增长知识；

净化价值观念；

加强家长与孩子的沟通；

如果在青春期早期进行指导，将会帮助青年人推迟首次性交；

增加避孕药和安全套/避孕套的使用；

不支持青年人发生性交；

未增加性行为的发生率。

这些评论也描述了有效的性教育项目的共同特征。尤其是它们：

针对特殊的行为；

是基于行为改变的理论模型所展开的；

提供有关未受保护的性行为和如何降低危险的知识；

给学生提供机会以练习生活技能和讨论他们认为有意义的和现实的社会环境；

讲解媒体、同伴、文化如何对青少年性行为和做决定产生影响；

在学生中间培养和强化节欲和自我保护的信心和价值观念，鼓励他们做出节欲和/或自我保护的决定；

为学生提供练习人际交流与锻炼协商技能的机会；

现时，在拉丁美洲有一个性教育推广试验。因为，有人建议在北美洲的性教育项目积累的成功经验应该用于拉丁美洲。当然，前提是这些项目：

在文化上是易被接纳的和适当的；

确保完全贯彻所有有关的教育大纲、实施和评估过程；

发扬诸如平等、尊重和负责任这样的社会价值观；

使受教育者理解性行为的社会背景。

Appendix III. Characteristics of Comprehensive Sexuality Education

Comprehensive sexuality information has the following primary goals:

More that the mere acquisition of knowledge and contents, sexuality education should lead to the development of critical thinking leading to the attainment of positive attitudes toward sexuality.

To foster the process through which the individual may recognize, identify and accept him/herself as a sexed and sexual being all through out the life cycle, free from anxiety, fear and guilt feelings.

To foster the development of gender roles that promote respectful and equitable relations between human beings, within a framework of values based on human rights.

To promote the value of the bonding and affective component of human relations beyond dyadic relations.

To promote self-knowledge in relation to the body, as a factor of self-esteem and health care

To foster pleasurable, conscious, free and responsible sexual behavior towards one self and others

To promote communication within couples and families, promoting equitable relationships, regardless of sex and age.

To promote shared responsible behavior in regards to family planning, childbearing and the use of contraceptives.

To promote responsible decisions in the prevention of STIs ⁶⁴.

Recent reviews of evaluations of effective sexuality education, teenage pregnancy prevention, and HIV prevention programs have found that quality sexuality education programs ⁶⁵:

Increase knowledge.

Clarify values.

Increase parent-child communication.

Help young people delay the initiation of sexual intercourse, if directed at young adolescents.

Increase the use of contraception and condoms.

Do not encourage young people to begin intercourse and

Do not increase the frequency of sexual intercourse.

These reviews also describe common characteristics of effective programs. Specifically, they:

Target specific behaviors.

Are based on a theoretical model for behavior change.

Provide information about the risks of unprotected sexual intercourse and how to reduce risk.

Provide students with an opportunity to practice skills and discuss situations that they find meaningful and realistic.

Address the influence of the media, peers, and culture on teenagers' sexual behaviors and decisions.

Develop and reinforce beliefs and values among students that support their decisions to be abstinent and/or to protect themselves; and

Include opportunities for students to practice communication and negotiation skills.

There is an extensive experience in sexuality education programs in Latin America. It is suggested that the evidence accumulated on effectiveness of sexuality education programs in North America could be applied to the Latin American countries if these programs:

Are culturally sensitive and appropriate.

Ensure the full participation of all involved in design, implementation and evaluation processes.

Promote social values such as equity, respect and responsibility.

Provide an understanding of the social context of sexual behavior.

注  释  NOTES