Growing Up Sexually
Vol. II: The
Sexual Curriculum
[to Atlas Index]
[to Main Index]
Janssen, D. F. (Oct., 2002). Growing Up Sexually. Volume II: The
Sexual Curriculum. Interim
report. Amsterdam, The Netherlands
"Reactive" Sexuality:
Numeric Studies (>2001)
[Author's
Note: Since the early 1980s some 90 studies have provided numeric and
statistical impetus to the concept of "reactive sexual behaviour" in
prepubertal children, thought of as "symptomatic" of "abusive" experiences. The
following table provides evidence of this clinical genre including studies
until 2001, divided by three subgenres: "sexualised" "sexual" behaviour,
"sexualised" doll play, and "sexualised" drawings. In the case of doll and
drawing studies, some additional illustrative side studies are included as
well.]
1. "Reactive"
Sexual Behaviour: Numeric Studies. 1
2. Dolls. 4
3. Drawings. 5
|
Original
Publication
(by PY) [2]
|
Instrument [3]
|
Controls [4]
|
Girls/Boys
|
Sample Size
|
Age Range
(Mean)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Indic.
|
Controls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
?
|
-
|
G
|
60
|
-
|
4-14
|
|
MacVigar
(1979)
|
CO; ?
|
-
|
G
|
4
|
-
|
Latency-age
|
|
Adams-Tucker
(1982)
|
CR, PO, I (LBCL)
|
-
|
BG
|
28
|
-
|
2-15,5
|
|
Yates
(1982)
|
PO
|
-
|
BG
|
3
|
-
|
2.5-6?
|
|
Elwell
(1984)
|
PI, PQ
|
-
|
BG
|
22
|
-
|
<13
|
|
Burgess,
Hartman et al. (1984)
|
I
|
-
|
BG
|
62
|
-
|
6-16 [5]
|
|
Tufts
(1984)
|
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Purcell,
Beilke & Friedrich (1986)
|
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Friedrich,
Urquiza & Beilke (1986)
|
CBCL
|
-
|
BG
|
85(61G)
|
-
|
3-12 (6.2)
|
|
Mannarino
& Cohen (1986)
|
PO, I
|
-
|
BG
|
45 (B:G=39:6)
|
-
|
3-16 (5;3)
|
|
Mian,
Wehrspann et al. (1986)
|
MR
|
-
|
BG
|
125
|
-
|
0-6
|
|
Conte,
Berliner & Schuerman (1986); Conte & Schuerman (1987); Conte &
Berliner (1988)
|
PO
|
NA
|
BG
|
369
|
318
|
4-17
|
|
Gilgun
(1986)
|
I
|
-
|
G
|
20
|
-
|
10-15
|
|
Livingston
(1987)
|
?
|
PhA (C)
|
BG
|
13
|
|
6-12
|
|
Tong,
Oates & McDowell (1987)
|
CBCL
|
NA
|
BG
|
49 (37G)
|
idem
|
?/
|
|
Friedrich
& Reams (1987)
|
PO, CBCL
|
-
|
BG
|
8 (7G)
|
-
|
3-7
|
|
Kohan,
Pothier & Norbeck (1987)
|
CO
|
NA
|
BG
|
?
|
|
12-
|
|
Kolko,
Moser et al. (1988)
|
PO, I, CO
|
PhA (C)
|
BG
|
103 (3/4 B)
|
|
5-14 (9.9)
|
|
Friedrich
[paper discussed A] (1988)
|
CBCL-S
|
Conduct d.
|
B
|
20
|
|
4-7
|
|
Friedrich
[paper discussed B] (1988)
|
CBCL-S
|
NA, PsOut
|
BG
|
72
|
|
?
|
|
Friedrich
& Luecke (1988)
|
PO?, CBCL, Rors., etc.
|
Diverse
|
BG
|
16(12B)
|
22
|
4-11 (7.3); C:5-13
|
|
Gale,
Thompson, Moran & Sack (1988)
|
PO
|
PhA, NA
|
BG
|
37
|
|
7-
|
|
White,
Halpin et al. (1988)
|
/
|
Ngl., NA
|
BG?
|
|
|
|
|
Koverola
(1989) [Suspect-SA]
|
CBCL-Sex
|
-
|
BG
|
50
|
-
|
Latency-aged
|
|
Mannarino,
Cohen & Gregor (1989)
|
CBCL
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Goldston,
Turnquist & Knutson (1989)
|
CR
|
NA (C)
|
G
|
70
|
43
|
2-11
|
|
Deblinger,
McLeer et al.(1989)
|
MR
|
PhA, NA
|
BG
|
29
|
|
3-13 (8.8)
|
|
Einbender
& Friedrich (1989)
|
CBCL-S
|
NA
|
G
|
46
|
46
|
6-14 (10.3)
|
|
Friedrich
et al. (1989); Friedrich (1990)
|
CSBI
|
NSA
|
BG
|
260
|
880
|
2-12
|
|
Gomes-Schwartz
et al. (1990)
|
LBCL (CBCL)
|
(SA)
|
BG
|
30;58
|
-
|
4-6; 7-13
|
|
Gordon,
Schoeder & Abrams (1990)
|
PO, I
|
NA
|
BG
|
22(13G)
|
22
|
2-7
|
|
Lanktree
& Briere (1990)
|
TSC-C
|
NA
|
|
|
|
8-15
|
|
Stovall
& Craig (1990)
|
TAT
|
PhA, NA
|
BG
|
20
|
20+20
|
7-12
|
|
Johansen
(1990)
|
CSBI
|
NA (C)
|
BG
|
32
|
23
|
3-6
|
|
Wolfe et al. (1991)
|
CITES-R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Harper
(1991)
|
Play
|
PhA, NA S&PhA
|
BG
|
40
|
40+37+37
|
3;5-9;10
|
|
Singer
(1991)
|
SSI/CO
|
NA
|
G
|
76
|
32
|
3-6
|
|
Smith
(1991)
|
RATC
|
NA-C, NA
|
BG
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
|
Maing
(1991)
|
CBCL, TRF
|
-
|
G
|
20
|
-
|
5-12
|
|
Hewitt
& Friedrich (1991)
|
CSBI, PPVT-R
|
PNA
|
BG?
|
111
|
?
|
1-5
|
|
Levitt
et al. (1991)
|
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mannarino,
Cohen et al. (1991)
|
CBCL
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cosentino
(1991); Cosentino, Heino et al. (1995)
|
CSBI, CBCL-S
|
Ped. (psychia/nonpsychia)
|
G
|
20
|
20
|
6-12
|
|
Katz-Plotkin
(1991)
|
CSBI (CBCL)
|
NA
|
BG
|
60
|
60
|
3-11
|
|
Friedrich,
Grambsch et al. (1992)
|
CBSI-2
|
"Norm"+C.
|
BG?
|
276
|
880
|
2-12 (7.1)
|
|
Rappaport
(1992)
|
RATC
|
-(gender, age)
|
BG
|
20+55
|
-
|
6-13
|
|
Scarf
(1993)
|
? (CBCL)
|
PhA, SphA, NA
|
BG
|
[74 total]
|
?
|
|
Chantler
et al. (1993)
|
LBCL
|
NA (Clin.), NA
|
BG
|
26
|
37+39
|
6-12
|
|
Friedrich
(1993)
|
CSBI-R
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hall-Marley
& Damon (1993)
|
CSBI
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Johnson
& Aoki (1993) [acc. Burton, Rasmussen et al., 1998]
|
?
|
S&PhA vs. PhA, NA
|
BG?
|
83
|
31+29
|
6-11
|
|
Monck,
Bentovim et al. (1993)
|
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
George
(1993)
|
CBCL-Sex (CSBI)
|
-
|
BG
|
61
|
-
|
4-16
|
|
Fishman
(1994)
|
CAT
|
PhA, Ngl, NA
|
BG
|
[113 total]
|
Preschool age
|
|
Glaser
& Leonard (1994) [cited by Davies et al., 2000]
|
|
/
|
|
|
|
3-8
|
|
Hewitt,
Friedrich & Allen (1994) [cited by Hewitt, 1999]
|
CSBI
|
PNA
|
BG?
|
21
|
?1
|
2
|
|
Pistole
& Ornduff (1994)
|
TAT
|
NA
|
G
|
30
|
30
|
6-16
|
|
Young
et al. (1994) [acc. Burton, Rasmussen et al., 1998]
|
?
|
-
|
B vs G
|
20+20
|
-
|
Latency
|
|
Thompson
et al. (1994)
|
?
|
-
|
BG
|
300 (57%)
|
-
|
?
|
|
Wilshere
(1995)
|
CSBI (CBCL)
|
-(B vs. G)
|
BG
|
32
|
-
|
4-12
|
|
Cortisio
(1995)
|
CSBI (CBCL)
|
NA, uncertain
|
BG
|
39
|
18,26
|
3-12
|
|
Billinsley
(1995)
|
Rorcshach, CBCL-Sex
|
NA-C
|
BG
|
20
|
18
|
6-11
|
|
Adams,
McClellan et al. (1995); McCellan, McCurry et al. (1996); McCellan, McCurry et
al. (1997); McCurry, McCellan et al. (1998)
|
CR
|
[various; no external]
|
BG
|
499
|
(-)
|
5-18
|
|
Grayston
and De Luca (1995)
|
CSBI
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grocke,
Smith & Graham (1995)
|
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Slusser
(1995) [acc. Burton, Rasmussen et al., 1998]
|
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wells,
McCann et al. (1995)
|
SASA
|
ASA, NA
|
G
|
68+68 [6]
|
68
|
2-11;5 (7)
|
|
Wherry,
Jolly et al. (1995)
|
CSBI-2; FSQ
|
PNA
|
B
|
16
|
8
|
6-12 (9.8)
|
|
Yee
(1995)
|
PSCs
|
-[only NA]
|
G
|
20
|
-
|
6-12
|
|
Currier
& Wurtele (1996)
|
CSBI
|
NSA
|
BG
|
13
|
13
|
3.2-7.1
|
|
Cohen
& Mannarino (1996a; 1996b)
|
CSBI
|
SA
|
BG
|
67
|
-
|
2.11-7.1
|
|
Mannarino
& Cohen (1996c)
|
CSBI
|
NA
|
G
|
77
|
88
|
7-12
|
|
Mannarino
& Cohen (1996b)
|
CSBI
|
NA
|
G
|
60
|
85
|
7-13
|
|
Mian,
Marton & LeBaron (1996)
|
CBCL-S (CSBI, I, CO)
|
NA (NC)
|
G
|
70
|
|
3-5
|
|
Mok
(1996)
|
CSBI (CBCL, TSC-C)
|
- (gender)
|
BG
|
452
|
-
|
3-17
|
|
Estes (1997)
|
CSBI (CBCL)
|
(incest vs. nonincest)
|
BG
|
104
|
-
|
?
|
|
Briere
& Elliott (1997)
|
CSBI
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cohen
& Mannarino (1997); Cohen (1998)
|
CSBI
|
SA
|
BG
|
43(56%G)
|
-
|
4; 2-7; 11
|
|
Friedrich,
Jaworski et al. (1997)
|
CSBI, CBCL, TSC-C, Rorsch.
|
NP, PNA, PA, PsuA [7]
|
BG
|
350
|
[75:165:72:38]
|
7-18
|
|
Spaccarelli
& Fuchs (1997)
|
CBCL
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reeker
(1997)
|
CSBI (CBCL)
|
-
|
BG
|
19
|
-
|
5-8
|
|
Wright
(1997)
|
CSBI (CBCL)
|
(asympt. vs. symptomatic)
|
BG?
|
|
|
|
|
Hall,
Mathews & Pearce (1998)
|
CR
|
Diverse (C)
|
BG
|
99(63B)
|
|
3-7
|
|
Mcleer
(1998)
|
CSBI
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
|
Miller-Perrin
(1998)
|
Interviews
|
-
|
BG
|
42
|
-
|
4-16
|
|
Schrivar
(1998) [cited by Hewitt, 1999]
|
CSBI
|
?
|
BG?
|
31
|
?
|
2;0-3;0
|
|
Feiring
et al. (1999)
|
CITES-R
|
-
|
BG
|
96
|
-
|
8-11 [,12-15]
|
|
Albrecht
(1999)
|
CSBI (CBCL)
|
NA
|
BG
|
30
|
30
|
Latency-age
|
|
Morhaime
(1999)
|
CSBI (CBCL)
|
-
|
BG
|
113
|
-
|
2?-12
|
|
Cohen
& Mannarino (2000)
|
CSBI
|
/
|
|
49
|
|
7-14
|
|
Drach
et al. (2001)
|
CSBI, [CBCL]
|
*
|
BG
|
247
|
*
|
5.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[by
PY: 1985-1999]
|
Ni, Nc [8]
|
Age Range [9]
|
Boy/Girl
|
Type [10]
|
|
1
|
Gabriel (1985)
|
16/19
|
2,5-5
|
BG
|
NR
|
|
2
|
August
& Forman (1986, 1989)
|
16:16
|
5-8
|
G
|
SA versus NR
|
|
3
|
White
et al. (1986)
|
25:25
|
2-5
|
BG
|
Suspected SA versus NR
|
|
4
|
Jensen, Realmuto & Wescoe (1986)
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
SA versus NSA and psychiatric controls
|
|
5
|
|
30+30; 80
|
3 and 5
|
BG
|
1 week recall rates
|
|
6
|
DeVoss
(1987)
|
11:11
|
2-6
|
BG
|
SA vs NSA
|
|
7
|
Herbert
et al. (1987)
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
NSA
|
|
8
|
Jampole
& Weber (1987)
|
10:10
|
3-8
|
BG
|
SA versus NSA
|
|
9
|
McIver
& Wakefield [unpubl.] (1987)
|
10:50
|
3-8
|
BG
|
SA versus NR
|
|
10
|
Sivan,
Schor et al. (1987, 1988); Scor & Sivan, 1989)
|
144
|
3-8
|
BG
|
NR
|
|
11
|
Cohn
(1988, 1991)
|
35:35
|
2-6
|
BG
|
Suspected SA versus NR
|
|
12
|
Mackinnon
Hirniak (1988)
|
26
|
3-6
|
BG
|
NA
|
|
13
|
Glaser
and Collins (1989)
|
78
|
3-6
|
BG
|
NSA
|
|
14
|
McIver
et al. (1989)
|
50:10
|
2;6-7
|
BG
|
NSA (50) versus SA
|
|
15
|
Boat
et al. (1990)
|
30
|
3-5
|
BG
|
NSA: Maternal perceptions of behaviours after exposure
|
|
16
|
Everson
and Boat (1990); Boat & Everson (1994)
|
223
|
2-5;11
|
BG
|
NR
|
|
17
|
Kenyon-Jump
et al. (1990; 1991)
|
9:9
|
3-5
|
BG
|
SA versus NSA
|
|
18
|
Realmuto,
Jensen & Wescoe (1990)
|
6:9
|
4-7 / 4-8
|
BG
|
Specificity and Sensitivity
|
|
19
|
Britton
& O'Keefe (1991)
|
136
|
2-10
|
BG
|
Anatomical vs. nonanatomical dolls
|
|
20
|
Dawson
& Geddie (1991)
|
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
Saywitz,
Goodman et al. (1991)
|
72
|
5 and 7
|
G
|
DFM
|
|
22
|
Dawson
et al. (1992)
|
20
|
3.8-6.0
|
BG
|
NR
|
|
23
|
Kendall-Tackett
(1992)
|
|
|
|
Professionals' standards of normal play for NSA
|
|
24
|
Geddie
(1993)
|
68
|
Preschool
|
BG
|
NA
|
|
25
|
Sutherland
(1993)
|
?
|
?
|
BG?
|
NA; ACDs vs. CSBI
|
|
26
|
Bruck,
Ceci et al. (1995)
|
40+20
|
3
|
BG
|
DFM
|
|
27
|
Katz
et al. (1995)
|
21
|
3-7
|
BG
|
|
|
28
|
Boat
et al. (1996)
|
40
|
M=6.2
|
BG
|
Follow-up; sexual knowledge
|
|
29
|
Dawson
& Geddie (1996)
|
36
|
3;11-5;11
|
BG
|
NA
|
|
30
|
Weil,
Dawson & Range (1999)
|
16:44
|
3-16
|
BG
|
NA; externalizing vs. nonexternalizing
|
|
31
|
Bruck,
Ceci et al. (2000)
|
84
|
3-5
|
BG
|
DFM
|
|
32
|
Realmuto
& Wescoe (19??)
|
13
|
5;3-6;8
|
G(B)
|
Professionals' agreement
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
By
PY (1949-2000)
|
Ni, Nc [11]
|
Age Range [12]
|
Boy/Girl
|
Type / Methodology [13]
|
|
1
|
Machover
(1949)
|
-
|
-
|
|
Genitals in projective HFDs adults/children
|
|
2
|
Koppitz
(1968)
|
?
|
?
|
BG
|
Genitals in HFDs
|
|
3
|
Müller-Thalheim
(1969)
|
4
|
2-5??
|
BG
|
Drawings of sexually disturbed children
|
|
4
|
Munari
et al. (1976)
|
635
|
5-13
|
BG
|
/
|
|
5
|
Johnston
(1979)
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
6
|
Bartalow-Koch
(1980)
|
16:22
|
7-8
|
BG
|
Sexual knowledge in drawings; cross-cultural
|
|
7
|
Stemer
(1980)
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
8
|
Burgess,
McCausland & Wolbert (1981)
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
9
|
Cohen
& Phelps (1985)
|
89:77
|
4-18
|
BG
|
Features [incl. "psychosexual level of development"] in
standard drawing assignments; incest versus nonincest clinical controls
|
|
10
|
Yates
et al. (1985)
|
17:17
|
3,5-17
|
G
|
Sexually victimized versus disturbed children
|
|
11
|
Hibbard
et al. (1987)
|
57
|
3-7
|
BG
|
SA vs. NR
|
|
12
|
Miller
et al. (1987)
|
-
|
-
|
(BG)
|
[3 examples of drawing-facilitated disclosure]
|
|
13
|
Amann-Gainotti
(1988) [cited by Amann-Gianotti et al., 1989]
|
?
|
6-11
|
BG
|
NR; IADs
|
|
14
|
Amann-Gainotti
et al. (1989)
|
275
|
11-18
|
G
|
NR; IADs
|
|
15
|
Goodwin
(1989, 2nd ed.)
|
19
|
-13
|
G
|
Suspected incest victims
|
|
16
|
Hardin
(1989); Peterson & Hardin (1997)
|
842
|
6-10
|
BG
|
Genitals explicit, concealed, omitted, emphasized in
HFDs: SA (341) versus clinical (252) and NR (249) controls
|
|
17
|
Amann-Gainotti
& Antenore (1990)
|
573
|
5-14
|
BG
|
Genital parts in IADs
|
|
18
|
Hibbard
& Hartman (1990a)
|
65:64
|
5-8
|
BG
|
Alleged SA versus NR
|
|
19
|
Hibbard
& Hartman (1990b)
|
94:100
|
3-8
|
BG
|
Genitals in HFDs (free, completion); Alleged SA versus
NA; PO
|
|
|
La
Roche (1994)
|
10
|
[14-21]
|
BG
|
SA (in childhood)
|
|
20
|
Peterson
(1995)
|
842
|
|
BG
|
HFDs; SA vs. NSA vs. NR
|
|
21
|
Liebert
(1998)
|
/
|
|
|
|
|
22
|
Palmer,
Farrar et al. (2000)
|
47:82
|
4;6-17;5 (M=9;7)
|
BG
|
HTP: SA (in childhood) vs. NSA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[up]
[1] Inclusion criteria: numeric data on (at least
possibly) sexually abused children with specification on at least one age or
age group before the age of 13. Includes sexual behaviour (or sexual behaviour
problem) categories for sexually abused children, and correlation studies using
at least presumably nonsexually abused or nonabused control samples (as
indicated). See also Kendall-Tackett (1990); Schneider (1994). Symbol "/"
signifies unavailable data.
[2]
References available from the author.
[3] CBCL: Child Behavior Check List; CBCL-S:
Sex Problems on CBCL; CSBI: Child Sexual Behavior Inventory; PO:
Unstructured Parental Oberservation; I: Interview with Child; CO:
Clinical Observation; CR: Clinical Record; MR: Medical Record; LBCL:
Louisville Behavior Check List; SASA: Structured Interview for Symptoms
Associated with Sexual Abuse; TSC-C: Trauma Symptom Checklist: Children.
Child-completed measure, including Sexual Concerns subscale; TAT:
Thematic Apperception Test; FSQ: Family Sexuality Questionnaire
(Friedrich et al., 1991); PPVT-R: Peabody Picture Vocabulary
Test-Revised; PSCs=Projective Storytelling Cards; CITES-R:
Children's Impact of Traumatic Events Scale-Revised; Rorsch.=Rorschach
[4] PhA: Physically Abused; NA: Non Abused;
PsOut: Psychiatric Outpatient; SA: Sexually Abused; Ped.:
general pediatric clinic; PNA: Probably Non Sexually Abuse; CAT:
Children's Apperception Test (thematic stories); TRF: Teacher Report
Form; RATC: Roberts Apperception Test for Children
[5] At time of disclosure
[6] Sexually Abused (SA): Abuser Confessed;
Allegedly Sexually Abused (ASA): No Confession
[7] Non-Psychiatric, Psychiatric Non-Sexually-Abused,
Psychiatric Sexually Abused, Psychiatric Suspected Sexually abused
[8]
N (indicator), N (control)
[11]
N (indicator), N (control)
[13]
HFD=Human Figure Drawing; HTP=House Tree Person projective
drawing; IAD= Inner Anatomy Drawing
|