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Editors:
Friedemann Pfäfflin,
Ulm University, Germany
 

Walter O. Bockting,
University of Minnesota, USA
 

Eli Coleman,
University of Minnesota, USA
 

Richard Ekins,
University of Ulster at Coleraine, UK
 

Dave King,
University of Liverpool, UK

Managing Editor:
Noelle N Gray,
University of Minnesota, USA

Editorial Assistant:
Erin Pellett,
University of Minnesota, USA

Editorial Board

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Contents
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Published by
Symposion Publishing

  
ISSN 1434-4599

 
The TRANSSEXUAL PHENOMENON
Harry Benjamin, M.D.



Bibliography
This bibliography was compiled by Richard Green, M.D., which is gratefully acknowledged herewith by the author.
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(This list of references must necessarily be less than complete. Many transsexual cases are listed in the medical literature under "transvestism." While several such articles are included here, the extent of the transvestite literature and the difficulty in deciding whether a given case should be classed as transsexual make the goal of completeness most difficult, if at all possible.)

Abraham, F.: Genitalumwandlung an Zwei Maennlichen Transvestiten. Z. Sexualwiss. 18:223-226, 1931.

Anchersen, P.: Problems of Transvestism. Acta Psychiat. Neurol. Scand. (Supp.) l06:249-256, 1956.

Anastasopoulus, G.: Hypersexualität, Wesensänderung, Schlafstörungen und akute Demenz bei einem Tumor des rechten Schläfenlappens. Psychiat. Neurol. 136:85-108, 1958.

Aubert, G.: Trois cas de désir de changer de sexe. Dissertation. Lausanne, Tavannes, Impremerie, 1947.

Bittig, A. F.: Beitrag zur Frage des Transvestitismus. Dissertation. Zürich, Buchdruckerei Fluntern, 1952.

Benjamin, H.: Transvestism and Transsexualism. Int. J. Sexol. 7:12-14, 1953.

--------: Transvestism and Transsexualism: Symposium. Amer. J. Psychother. 8:219-230, 1954.

--------: Sex Transformation. Letter to Editor. J.A.M.A., 158:No. 3, p. 217, May 21,1955.

--------: Nature and Management of Transsexualism With Report on 31 Operated Cases. West. J. Surg., Obst. & Gynec. 72:105-111, 1964.

--------: Clinical Aspects of Transsexualism in Male and Female. Amer. J. Psychother., 18:458-469, 1964.

--------: Transsexualismus, Wesen und Behandlung. Der Nervenarzt, 35. Jahrgang, 11. Heft, November 1964, S. 499/500.

--------: Seven Kinds of Sex. Sexology 27: No. 7, Feb., 1961.

--------, and MASTERS, R. E. L.: A New Kind of Prostitute. Sexology 30:446-448, 1964.

Binder, H.: Das Verlangen nach Geschlechtsumwandlung. Z. Neurol. Psychiat. 143:84-174, 1933.

Birker, H., & Klages, W.: Transvestism, Socio-Medical Problem. Z. Psychother. Med. Psychol. 11:12, 1961.

Blacker, K. H., & WONG, N.: Four Cases of Autocastration. Arch. Gen. Psych. 8: 169-176, 1963.

Boquist, W.: Altering of Sex in U.C. Surgery. San Francisco Examiner, August 6, 1964.

Bowman, K., & Engle, B.: Medicolegal Aspects of Transvestism. Amer. J. Psychiat. 113:583-588, 1957.

Boss, M.: Sinn und Gehalt der Sexuellen Perversionen. Bern, H. Huber, 1947.

--------: Umwandlungs Operation. Psyche 4:230-233, 1950. Rundfrage über ein Referat, Psyche, Vol. 4, 1950-51.

--------: Psychopathologie der Liebesstörungen. Bern, 1952.

Boysede, E.: Considerations sur la bisexualité, les infirmités sexuelles, les changements de sexe et le chevalier ... Chevalier d'Eon. Paris, Editions du Scorpion, 1959.

Bremer, J.: Mutilerende Behandling au Transsekualisme? T. Norsk Laegeforen. 81:921-923,1961.

Brian, M.D., & Morgenstern, F. S.: J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 23:247-249, 1960.

Brown, D.: The Development of Sex-role Inversion and Homosexuality. J. Pediat. 50:613-619, 1957.

Bulliet, C.: Venus Castina. Famous Female Impersonators, Celestial and Human. New York, Covici, Friede, 1928.

Burchard, J. M.: Struktur und Soziologie des Transvestitismus. Beit. Sexualforsch., Stuttgart, F. Enke Verlag, 1961, No. 21.

--------: Psychopathology of Transvestism and Transsexualism. J. Sex. Res., Vol. 1, No. 1, March, 1965.

Bürger-Prinz, H., Albrecht, M., & Giese, H.: Zur Phänomenologie des Transvestitismus bei Männern. Beit. Sexualforsch., Stuttgart, F. Enke Verlag, 1953, No. 3.

Burns, E., Segaloff, A., & Carrera, G.: Reassignment of Sex: Report of 3 Cases. J. Urol. 84:126-133, 1960.

Cauldwell, D. O.: Psychopathia Transsexualis. Sexology 16:274-280, 1949.

--------: Sex Life and Sexual Problems of Trans-Sexuals. Girard, Kan., E. Haldeman-Julius Pub., 1950.

--------: Sex Transmutation ... Can One's Sex Be Changed? Girard, Kan., E. Haldeman-Julius Pub., 1951.

Costa, M. A.: Reverse Sex. London, Challenge Publications, 1962.

Cowell, R.: Roberta Cowell's Story. New York, Lion Library, 1955; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1954.

Daily Express, London, October 4, 1951.

Daily Mail, London, March 25, 1958.

Delay, J., et al.: Le Transsexualism. Encephale 45:41-80, 1956.

De Montyel, M.: De la maladie des scythes. Ann. Med. Psychol. 1:161, 1877.

De Savitsch, E.: Homosexuality, Transvestim and Change of Sex. London, Wm. Heinemann, Medical Books, 1958.

Diamond, M.: A Critical Evaluation of the Ontogeny of Human Sexual Behavior. Quart. Rev. Biol. 40:147-175, 1965.

Don, A.: Transvestism and Transsexualism. S. Afr. Med. J. 37:479-485, 1963.

Dorey, R.: L'inversion psycho-sexuelle avec travestissement chez l'homme. Dissertation. Lyon, Imprimeurs-Editeurs, 1955.

Ducheyne, W.: Problem bij de behandeling van transseksualisme. Nederl. T Geneesk. 104:571-574, 1960.

Dukor, B.: Probleme um den Transvestitismus. Schweiz. med. Wchnschr. 81:516-519, 1951.

Ellis, H.: "Eonism," in Studies in Psychology of Sex. New York: Random House, 1936, Vol. 2.

Erickson, T. C.: A.M.A. Arch. Neural. Psychiat. 53:226-231, 1945.

Fogh-Andersen, P.: Transvestism and Transsexualism: Surgical Treatment in Case of Autocastration. Acta. Med. Leg. Soc. 9:33-40, 1956.

Fortineau, J., et al.: Idées de transformation sexuelle et travestissement, chez deux delirants chroniques. Ann. Medicopsychol. 97:51-55, 1939.

Friedreich, J.: Versuch einer Literargeschichte der Pathologie und Therapie der psychischen Krankheiten. Würzburg, 1830.

Gilbert, O.: Men in Woman's Guise. London, John Lane, 1926.

Glaus, A.: Sexuelle Störungen und Militärdienst. Mschr. Schweiz. Sanitaetsoffiz. 9:1951.

Glaus, A.: Zur Lebensgeschichte eines Transvestiten. Mschr. Psychiat. Neurol. 124:245-258, 1952.

Green, R.: "Sissies and Tomboys: A Guide to Diagnosis and Management," in The Management of Sexual Problems in Medical Practice (C. WAHL, ed.). Glencoe, The Free Press, 1966.

--------: "Transsexualism: Mythological, Historical and Cross-cultural Aspects," in The Transsexual Phenomenon by H. BENjAmIN. New York, The Julian Press, 1966.

--------: "Cross-Gender-Role Behavior in Children," in Encyclopedia of Homosexual Behavior (A. ELLIS and D. CORY, eds.). New York, Citadel Press, 1966.

--------, & MONEY, J.: Incongruous Gender Role: Nongenital Manifestations in Prepubertal boys. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 131: 160-168, 1960.

--------, & --------: Effeminacy in Prepubertal Boys. Summary of Eleven Cases and Recommendations for Case Management. Pediatrics 27:286-291, 1961.

--------, & --------: Prepubertal, Morphologically Normal Boys Demonstrating Signs of Cross-Gender Identity: A Five-Year Follow-up. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat. 34:365-366, 1964. (Abstract)

--------, Stoller, R., & Macandrew, C.: Attitudes Toward Change-of-Sex Procedures. Read at the 121 Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Assn., New York, May, 1965.

--------, --------, & --------: Physicians' Attitudes Toward Transsexualism. Read at the 7 Western Divisional Meeting, American Psychiatric Assn., Honolulu, August, 1965.

Greenburg, N., Rosenwald, A., & Nelson, P.: Study in Transsexualism. Psychiat. Quart. 34:203-235, 1960.

Grotjahn, M.: Transvestite Fantasy Expressed in a Drawing. Psychoanal. Quart. 17:340-345, 1948.

Gutheil, E. A.: The Psychologic Background of Transsexualism and Transvestism. Symposium. Amer. J. Psychother. 8:231-242, 1954.

Hamburger, C.: Desire for Change of Sex as Shown by Personal Letters from 465 Men and Women. Acta Endocr. 14:361-375, 1953.

--------, Stürüp, G., & Dahl-Iversen, E.: Transvestism. J.A.M.A. 152:391-396, 1953.

Hampson, J. L., & Hampson J. G.: "The Ontogenesis of Sexual Behavior in Men," in Sex and the Internal Secretions (W. C. Young, ed.). Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1961.

Hertz, J., Tillinger, K., & Westman, A.: Transvestism. Acta Psychiat. Scand. 37:283-294, 1961.

Honig, J., & Torr, J. B. B.: Karyotyping of Transsexualists. Br. J. Psychosomat.Res, 8:157-159, 1964.

Hoyer, N.: Man Into Woman: An Authentic Record of a Change of Sex. New York, Popular Library, 1953, and E. P. Dutton & Co., 1933.

Huelke, M.: Ein Transvestit. Z. Kriminalistische Wissen. 3:91-92, 1949.

Israel, L., & Geissmann, P.: Le Désir de Changer de Sexe chez les Invertis Psycho-Sexuels. Canad. Psychiat. 14:91-114, 1960.

Jones, K.: Effect of Stilbestrol in Two Cases of Male Transvestism. J. Ment. Sci. 106:1080-1081, 1960.

Kissel, P., Hartemann, P., & Laxenair: Le trans-sexualisme: à propos d'une observation. Rev. Med. Nancy 86:68-78, 1961.

Klotz, H., Borel, E., & Colia, R.: Le Travestissement Heterosexuel Habituel. Sem. Hôp. Paris 31:3438-3444, 1955.

Krafft-Ebing, R.: Über gewisse Anomalien des Geschlechtstriebes. Arch. Psychiat. 7:291-312, 1877.

--------: Psychopathia Sexualis. Chicago, Login Bros., 1931.

Lukianowicz, N.: Transvestism and Psychosis. Psychiat. Neurol. 138:64-78, 1959.

--------: Survey of'Various Aspects Of Transvestism in Light of our Present Knowledge. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 128:36-64, 1959.

Marcuse, M.: Ein Fall von Geschechtsumwandlungstrieb. Z. Psychother. Med. Psychol. 6:176, 1916.

Masson, A.: Le Travestissement. Dissertation. Paris, Le François, 1935.

McCully, R. S.: An interpretation of projective findings in a case of female transsexualism. J. ProJ. Techn. & Personality Assess. 27:436-446, 1963.

Melicow, M. M., & Uson, A. C.: A Periodic Table of Sexual Anomalies. J. Urology 91:402-425, 1964.

Miller, A., & Caplan, J.: Sex-Role Reversal Following Castration of a Homosexual Transvestite with Klinefelter's Syndrome. Canad. Psychiat. Ass. J. 10:223-227, 1965.

Mitchell, W., Fakoner, M. A., and Hill, D.: Epilepsy. Lancet 2:626-630, 1954.

Money, J.: "Factors in the Genesis of Homosexuality," in Determinants of Human Sexual Behavior (G. WINOKUR, ed.). Springfield, Charles C Thomas, 1963.

--------, Hampson, J. G., & Hampson J. L.: Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 97:301-319, 1955.

--------, --------, and --------: Imprinting and the Establishment of Gender Role. Arch. Neurol. Pychiat. 77:333-336, 1957.

-------- & Pollitt, E.: Cytogenetic and Psychosexual Ambiguity. Arch. Gen. Psych. 11:589-595, 1964.

Nixon, E.: The Chevalier D'Eon. A Case of Double Identity. History Today 14:126-134, 1964.

Northrup, G.: Transsexualism: Report of Case. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 1:332-337, 1959.

Olkon, D. M., & Sherman, I.: Eonism with Added Outstanding Psychopathic Features. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 99:159-167, 1944.

Ostenfeld, I.: Genvin Transvestisme. Ugesk. Laeg. 121:488-496, 1959.

Overzier, C.: Contribution to Knowledge of Male Transvestism. Z. Psychother. Med. Psychol. 5:152, 1955.

Pauly, I.: Male Psychosexual Inversion: Transsexualism. A Review of 100 Cases. Arch. Gen. Psych. 13:172-181, 1965.

Pauly, I. B.: Female Psychosexual Inversion: Transsexualism. Read before the American Psychiatric Ass., St. Louis, May 1963.

--------: A Case of Female Transsexualism. Unpublished manuscript.

Plate, F.: Drei Fälle von Transvestitismus. Dissertation. Bonn, R. F. Wilhelms-Universität, 1958.

Petit-DuTails, D., Christopher, J., Pertuiset, C., Dreyfus-Brigac, & Blaine, C.: Rev. Neurol. 91:129-133, 1954.

Pokorny, H., & Bondy, M.: Rapport sur un travestite qui demandait une operation cosmétique. Rev. Neurol. 2:701-702, 1933.

Randell, J. B.: Transvestism and Trans-sexualism. A Study of 50 Cases. Brit. Med. J. 2: 1448-1452, 1959.

Redmount, R. S.: A Case of a Female Transvestite with Marital and Criminal Complications. J. Clin. Exper. Psychopath. 14:95-111, 1953.

Rubenstein, L. H.: "Role of Identifications in Homosexuality and Transvestism in Men and Women," in RosEN, I.: Pathology and Treatment of Sexual Deviation. London, Oxford U. Press, 1964.

Schneider, S. F., Harrison, S. I., & Seigel, B. L.: Self-castration by a Man With Cyclic Changes in Sexuality. Psychosom. Med. 27:53-70, 1965.

Schwabe, A. D., Solomon, D., Stoller, R. and Burnham, J.: Pubertal Feminization in a Genetic Male. J. Clin. Endocr. 22:839-845, August 1962.

Schwöbel, G.: Ein Transvestitischer Mensch, die Bedeutung seiner Störungen und sein Wandel in der Psychoanalyse. Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 86:358-382, 1960.

Sherwin, R. V.: The Legal Problem in Transvestism. Symposium. Amer. J. Psychother. 8:243-244, 1954.

Sinclair, Abby: I Was Male. Chicago, Novel Books, 1965.

Solms, W.: Zum Problem der Selbstbeschädigung mit sexuell metabolischer Tendenz, Wien Med. Wschr. 102:983-986, 1952.

Star, H. J.: My Unique Change. Chicago, Novel Books, 1965.

Stockhammer, J.: Contribution a l'étude du travestisme. Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 90:118-168, 1962.

Stoller, R.: A Contribution to the Study of Gender Identity, Int. J. Psychoanal. 45:220-226, 1964.

--------: The Hermaphroditic Identity of Hermaphrodites. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 139:453-457, 1964.

--------: "Passing and the Continuum of Gender Identity," in Sexual Inversion, (J. Marmor, ed.). New York, Basic Books, 1965.

--------, Garfinkel, H., & Rosen, A.: Passing and the Maintenance of Sexual Identification in an Intersexed Patient. Arch. Gen. Psych. 2:379-384, 1960.

Stürüp, G.: Transvestisme I Klinisk Kriminologi. Nord. Med. 56:1226-1231, 1956.

Taylor, A. J. W., & McLachlan, D. G.: Clinical and Psychological observations on Transvestism. New Zealand Med. J. 61:496-506, 1962.

Thoma, H.: Männlicher Transvestitismus und das Verlangen nach Geschlechtsumwandlung. Psyche 11:81, 1957.

Tolentino, I.: Transvestitisme e transessualismo. Riv. Sper. Freniat. 81:909-940, 1957.

Troques, R.: Liberté du changement de sexe. Presse Med. 70:357-358, 1962.

Turtle, Georgina: Over the Sex Border. London, V. Gollancz Ltd., 1963.

Vague, J.: Le désir de change de sexe. Presse Med. 64:949-951, 1956.

Westphal, C.: Die Conträre Sexualempfindung, Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 2:73-108, 1870.

Williams, E. G.: Homosexuality: A Biological Anomaly. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 99:65-70, 1944.

Wood, R.: Male into Female. Sexology 20:28-32, 1954.

Worden, F. C., & Marsch, J. T.: Psychological Factors in Men Seeking Sex Transformation: Preliminary Report. J.A.M.A. 157:1292-1298, April 1955.

Wyrsch, J.: Selbstverstümmelung eines Transvestiten. Schweiz. Med. Wschr. 74:657, 1944.

Zuger, B.: Feminine-like Behavior in Boys Present from Early Childhood. Unpublished.

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