赫希菲尔德性学资料库

Archiv für Sexualwissenschaft

原著：[德]欧文•黑伯乐(Erwin Haeberle)；译者：[中国]彭晓辉；校对者：[美]阮芳赋

Original: Erwin Haeberle [Germany];  Translator: Xiaohui Peng [China];  Reviser:  Fang-fu Ruan [USA]

I.先行者（古代-1892）

    5.19世纪                                                                                上一页  下一页 返回目录 返回首页

1822年	英国人弗朗西斯·普雷斯(Francis Place)及其他有识之士发动了争取避孕的“新马尔萨斯”运动。在19世纪期间，这个运动的最主要代表人物是查尔斯·布拉德劳(Charles Bradlaugh)、安妮·毕散特(Annie Besant)、查尔斯·诺尔屯(Charles Knowlton)、查尔斯·蕞斯德尔(Charles Drysdale)和艾丽丝·苇柯瑞·蕞斯德尔(Alice Vickery Drysdale)。通过他们的抗争，改善了许许多多工作妇女的境遇，因为她们被太多的生育所拖累了。不过，尚未发现有来自马克思和恩格斯对避孕运动的支持。
	德国哲学家、图书管理员弗里德瑞奇·卡尔·弗尔贝格(Friedrich Karl Forberg)用拉丁语发表了他的著作《古典色情文学指南》(De Figuris Veneris)，为古希腊和古罗马涉及大量各种各样性行为的色情作品集,并附有注释。
1826-27年	在柏林，威廉·冯·洪堡(Wilhelm von Humboldt)拟定了出版(未实行)《人类属地史》(History of Dependency in the Human Race)的计划，其中也含有“娼妓发展史”和“生殖内驱力发展史(History of the Procreative Drive)”。他采用中立的立场，按照四种可能的对象，把人类性行为划分为：1.自我性行为；2. 与他人的性行为；3.同性性行为；4.与动物的性行为。 威廉·冯·洪堡(1767-1835)
1827年	卡尔·恩斯特·冯·贝尔(Karl Ernst von Baer)发现了卵细胞。(贝尔在1827年发表了《论哺乳动物与人卵的来源》，他在书中首次准确报道了哺乳动物的卵。这是人类首次发现胎生动物的卵。引自：冯·贝尔的胚胎学研究——译者注。) 冯·贝尔(1792-1876)

1837年	在巴黎，出版了首个大型的卖淫研究著作：A. J. P.佩尔仁特-达茄替利特(A. J. P. Parent- Duchatelet)著，《巴黎市的卖淫状况》(De la prostitution de la ville de Paris)。
1838年	柏林医生佛里德瑞琦·阿道夫·王尔德(Friedrich Adolf Wilde)第一次记述了女性避孕方法栓塞性阴道栓剂。[1881年，这种栓剂由德国北部医生W. A. 曼欣伽(W. A. Mensinga)重复发明。]
1843年	鲁塞尼亚(Ruthenian,乌克兰西部一地区——译者注)医生亨利希·凯恩(Heinrich Kaan)发表了他的专著《性精神病态》(Psychopathia Sexualis)，他在书中把肉欲的罪过解释成精神疾病。自此以后，其他医生和精神病医生也开始使用中世纪的那些不受欢迎的老式的术语来描述性行为，譬如“偏离”、“失常”和“倒错”等。最初，这些性行为偏差被指称为“错误的”信仰或异端；现在这些术语变成了(伪)医学概念。在历史上，这个术语的概念从宗教向医学变换的整个过程称为”罪过的医学化“过程。
1843-44年	古德伊尔(Goodyear)和汉考克(Hancock)的橡胶硫化技术使避孕套规模化生产成为可能。
1848年	伊丽莎白·坎迪·斯坦顿和(Elizabeth Cady Stanton)和卢克瑞西耶·莫特(Lucretia Mott)在纽约塞内卡瀑布(Seneca Falls)召集了首次妇女权利大会。本次大会通过了一项要求妇女平等权利的“观点宣言”(Declaration of Sentiments)。 海报：斯坦顿(1815-1902)
1857年	法国医生B. A.莫若尔(B. A. Morel)提出身体和精神“退化”的概念(也称为遗传与渐进性“退化”)，合并运用其他的概念一起，这个概念推测性地解释了性“品行不端”。这个概念不仅在科学界，而且在小说界找到了广泛的同盟军，且确实在医学和社会政治论争中直到上世纪早期最终被废弃为止还占据着重要的支配地位。
1864-79年	德国律师卡尔-亨利希·乌尔利克斯(Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs，1825-1895)发表了系列小册子，宣称“男-男之爱”是天生的。他推测认为“男-男之爱”是“在男性身体内的女性心灵”的正常而健康的性表达，这种状态他称之为“优然尼兹姆(Uranism-音译，意思为同性恋，尤指男同性恋——译者注。)”他把以这种状态为特征的人称为“优瑞尼恩(Uranian-音译，意思为同性恋者，尤指男同性恋者；他后来又创用了Urningin-尔宁因指称女同性恋者。参见1869年——译者注)”。依据这种假说，乌尔利克斯希望证明惩罚男人之间的性接触是不公正的：因为同性恋者是天生造就，所以做了他们该做的事。无论如何，立法者就不应该惩罚天生造就的人。最为重要的是，乌尔利克斯意欲防止未经宗教改革的普鲁士法律反对“非自然的恶行”波及到德国所有的州。这会危及在普鲁士领导下实行的德国统一。[在巴伐利亚(Bavaria,昔时为一独立王国,位于德国南部——译者注)、Württemberg和Hannover，这部旧法律那时已经被废止。]乌尔利克斯同样未得到马克思和恩格斯的支持，他们私下里曾嘲笑乌尔利克斯。	乌尔利克斯  (1825-1895)
1865年	在布尔诺城(Brno，现为捷克共和国中部城市——译者注)，格里哥·孟德尔(Gregor Mendel)牧师奠定了当代遗传学基础。他的“豌豆杂交试验”阐述了遗传原理，不过孟德尔的发现所具有的真正意义尚不为当时的科学家所认识。 格里哥·孟德尔(1822-1884)
1869年	匈牙利裔奥地利作家卡罗尔·玛丽亚·柯尔特毕尼[Karoly Maria Kertbeny，他原初姓氏为Benkert(本柯尔特)]在一篇向普鲁士司法大臣演讲的未署名讲稿中撰“homosexuality(同性恋)”这个术语，其含义多多少少与乌尔利克斯的“Uranism(同性恋，尤指男同性恋，参见1864-79年——译者注)”相同。“Uranians(同性恋者)”这时被柯尔特毕尼称为“homosexuals(同性恋者)”。他也呼吁就同性恋实行法律改革。 普鲁士司法大臣就个人而言赞成同性恋的合法化，他委托“普鲁士王室医学代表会”[成员有：威乔 (Virchow,)、胡瑟尔(Housselle)和巴尔德利本(Bardeleben) ]就惩罚同性性行为发表专家看法。可是，这些著名专家拒绝把同性恋作为一个医学问题看待，并同时声明他们并不胜任道德问题的评判。不管怎样，他们没有找到为同性恋辩护的法律依据。就此，他们把自己的职责从科学转到了政治。从此，立法机构必须依赖公众对同性性倾向的好恶作为唯一的立法理由。 约翰·斯图亚特·米尔(John Stuart Mill)发表《女人的被征服》(The Subjection of Women)一书。该书赞成两性在法律上与社会地位上的平等。该书未为人所知的合著者是米尔的妻子哈利特(Harriet)。	柯尔特毕尼  (1824-1882)

1870年	柏林精神病学家卡尔·韦斯特佛尔(Carl Westphal)在他的杂志《精神病学与脑神经病学资料库》(Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten)发表第一个同性性吸引医学个案病史。这个病史资料涉及一名妇女，她感觉被其妹妹的寄宿学校的女生所吸引。韦斯特佛尔总结道：这名妇女患了神经病理学疾病。据此他杜撰了一个新术语“逆性知觉”(contrary sexual feeling)。这篇论文激起了其他众多的精神病学者的关注，其中引起了包括冯·克拉夫特-拉宾(von Krafft-Ebing)的关注，拉宾接着发表了他自己的相似病人病案史报告。 因而，在非常短的时间内，爱恋同性的这种“症状”终于被视为精神疾病。	卡尔·韦斯特佛尔       (1833-1890)
1872-85年	意大利医生和人类学家保罗·曼特嘉莎(Paolo Mantegazza)发表性问题三卷本丛书(Trilogia dell' amore)《爱情卫生学》、《爱情生理学》和《爱情人类学》(Hygiene of Love; Physiology of Love; Anthropology of Love)，该丛书以大量的跨文化观察研究成果提出了道德相对论。 曼特嘉莎(1831-1910)
1873年	美国道德改革家安东尼·康斯托克(Anthony Comstock，1844-1915)说服美国国会通过一项反“淫秽”新法律。其结果是甚至医生给病人提供避孕知识也成为违法行为。康斯托克自身投入了全责推行这项法律，并成功地让许多医生(因给病人提供避孕知识)被投入监狱。因而，数十年以来，避孕在美国成了一项禁忌的话题。
1879年	艾伯特·奈瑟(Albert Neisser，德国皮肤科医生——译者注)发现淋病双球菌(gonococcus，导致淋病的细菌)。 艾伯特·奈瑟(1855–1916)
1886年	奥地利精神病学家理查德·冯·克拉夫特-拉宾(Richard von Krafft-Ebing)发表专著《性病态》(Psychopathia sexualis)，为一部对怪异而不同寻常的性习惯做出注解的病史集。（陈苍多的中译本《性病态－２３８个真实档案》２００５年在台北出版——校者注）这些病史被推测认为是“性精神疾病”的症候群。其中，他提出“施虐症(sadism，以萨德侯爵的名字-Marquis de Sade命名。)”和“受虐症(masochism,以波兰裔奥地利作家利奥波德·冯·萨克-米索克的名字-Leopold von Sacher-Masoch命名)的概念。 左：克拉夫特-拉宾(1840-1902)；右：萨克-米索克(1835-1895)
1892年	美国年轻(女)医生克丽利亚·莫霞(Clelia Mosher)开始就美国中产阶级妇女的性态度和性经验进行调查。直到1980年其调查结果才得以发表。这些调查文献证明这些回答调查问卷的妇女令人意想不到的对性生活喜好和开放。 克丽利亚·莫霞(1886-1938)

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I.Predecessors(Antiquity-1892)

The 19th Century

1822	The Englishman Francis Place and others begin a "neomalthusian" campaign for contraception. In the course of the 19th century the most important representatives of this campaign are Charles Bradlaugh, Annie Besant, Charles Knowlton, Charles Drysdale and Alice Vickery Drysdale. Their efforts to improve the lot of working women, who were exhausted by too many births, do not find the support of Marx und Engels.
	The German philosopher and librarian Friedrich Karl Forberg publishes in Latin his study "De Figuris Veneris" (Manual of Classical Erotology), a collection - with commentary - of ancient Greek and Roman texts referring to a great variety of sexual behaviors.
1826    -27	In Berlin, Wilhelm von Humboldt sketches the (unexecuted) plan for a "History of Dependency in the Human Race", which was also to contain a "History of Whoring" and a "History of the Procreative Drive". He provides a neutral classification of human sexual behavior according to its four possible objects: 1. Self, 2. other sex, 3. same sex, 4. animal.
1827	Karl Ernst von Baer discovers the egg cell.

1837	In Paris the first great study of prostitution is published: A. J. P. Parent- Duchatelet, "De la prostitution de la ville de Paris".
1838	The Berlin physician Friedrich Adolf Wilde describes, for the first time, an occlusive pessary for women as a means of contraception. (It is reinvented in 1881 by the North-German physician W. A. Mensinga.)
1843	The Ruthenian physician Heinrich Kaan publishes his study "Psychopathia sexualis", in which sins of the flesh are reinterpreted as diseases of the mind. Following this initiative, other physicians and psychiatrists also begin to use medieval theological terms of disapproval like "deviation", "aberration", and "perversion". Originally, these had referred to "false" religious beliefs or heresy; now they begin to turn into (pseudo)medical concepts. The whole process is known in cultural history as the 'medicalization of sin'.
1843    -44	The vulcanisation of rubber by Goodyear and Hancock makes the mass production of condoms possible.
1848	Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott convene the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y. The convention passes a Declaration of Sentiments demanding equal rights for women.
1857	The French physician B. A. Morel advances the concept of physical and mental "degeneration" (also known as hereditary and progressive 'degeneracy'), which, among other things, supposedly explains sexual "misbehavior". This concept finds wide acceptance not only in science, but also with writers of fiction and indeed dominates much of the medical and socio-political debate until early in our century, when it is finally abandoned.
1864    -79	The German lawyer Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs publishes a series of pamphlets in which he declares "man-male love" to be inborn. Supposedly it is the natural, healthy expression of a "female soul in a male body" - a condition he calls "Uranism". Those characterized by this condition he calls "Uranians". By means of this hypothesis, Ulrichs hopes to demonstrate the injustice of punishing sexual contact between men: Uranians do what they do because of what they are. No legislator, however, should punish people for what they are. Above all, Ulrichs wants to prevent the extension of the unreformed Prussian law against "unnatural vice" to all German states. This threatens to occur as a result of German unification under Prussian leadership. (In Bavaria, Württemberg and Hannover the old law had already been abolished.) Ulrichs, too, receives no support from Marx and Engels, who privately joke about him.
1865	In the city of Brno (today Czech Republic), the monk Gregor Mendel lays the foundation of modern genetics. His "Experiments in Plant Hybridization" describe the laws of heredity, but the true significance of Mendel's discoveries remains unrecognized by contemporary scientists.
1869	The Austrian-Hungarian writer Karoly Maria Kertbeny (orig. Benkert), in an anonymous pamphlet addressed to the Prussian Minister of Justice, coins the expression "homosexuality", meaning more or less the same as Ulrichs' "Uranism". The "Uranians" are now called "homosexuals" by Kertbeny. He, too, calls for law reform. The Prussian Minister of Justice, who personally favors decriminalization, commissions the "Royal Prussian Medical Deputation" (members: a.o. Virchow, Housselle, Bardeleben) to issue an expert opinion on the justification of punishing same-sex behavior. The eminent scientists refuse to recognize this as a medical problem, and they also declare themselves incompetent in matters of morality. In any case, they find no justification for the law. Thus, they shift the responsibility away from science to politics. From now on, the legislature must rely on public disapproval of same-sex eroticism as the only justification for the law. John Stuart Mill publishes "The Subjection of Women". The book argues for the legal and social equality of the sexes. His unacknowledged co-author is his wife Harriet.

1870	The Berlin psychiatrist Carl Westphal publishes the first medical case history of same-sex erotic attraction in his journal "Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten". It concerns a woman who feels attracted to the female students in her sister's boarding school. Westphal concludes that she suffers from a psychopathological condition for which he coins a new term: "contrary sexual feeling". The article prompts numerous other psychiatrists, including von Krafft-Ebing, to submit similar case histories of their own. Thus, within a very short time, the 'condition' of loving persons of the same sex comes to be viewed as a psychiatric illness.
1872    -85	The Italian physician and anthropologist Paolo Mantegazza publishes a three- volume work on sexual questions "Trilogia dell' amore" (Hygiene of Love; Physiology of Love; Anthropology of Love), which introduces a certain moral relativism with its many cross-cultural observations.
1873	The American moral crusader Anthony Comstock persuades the US congress to pass a strict new law against "obscenity". As a result, it becomes illegal even for physicians to inform their patients about contraception. Comstock himself is put in charge of enforcing the law and succeeds in having many physicians imprisoned. Thus, for many decades, contraception becomes a taboo subject in the United States.
1879	Albert Neisser discovers the gonoccocus (the bacterium causing gonorrhea).
1886	The Austrian psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing publishes his "Psychopathia sexualis", a collection of case histories documenting strange and unusual sexual practices. These are supposedly symptomatic of certain "sexual diseases of the mind". Among other things, he introduces the concepts of "sadism" (after the Marquis de Sade) and "masochism" (after the then still living Austrian writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch).
1892	The young American physician Clelia Mosher begins a survey among educated middle-class women concerning sexual attitudes and experiences. The results remain unpublished until 1980. They document an unexpected openness and sensuality of the women who answered the questionnaires.

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